 |
 Classification
of motor oil:
Classification of motor oil is possible in two ways:
1-
Lubrication, grade of oil.
2- Quality level of lubricant
1-
Grade classification of lubrication
Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) has suggested classification of usage
lubrication J300 for engine.
Which, lubrication will be assigned in two degrees -18°C or 100°C.
1-1-
When grade of oil has letter W, this sign is
related to lubrication for cold
weather. (W=Winter) lubricants which has not W,
will be related to medium and warm weather.
1-2-
Mono grade and Multi grade oil:
1-2-1-
Mono grade oils are related to degree of lubrication. For example 30, 40
or 10w, which are called mono grade and they are suitable for relatively low
temperature
1-2-2-
Multi-grade oils or Multi-degree, which are automatic or 4 season.
These lubricants has been specified by two degrees of SAE, which are related to
lubrication, such as 10W30 or 20W50, which means lubricant with 10W30 in cold
weather has lubricant with 10W and after warmup of engine, will have
lubrication of 30 degrees.
(The benefit of these lubricants is that, they can be used in wider area of
temperature such as full, winter, spring or summer).
2-
classification of motor oil based on level of quality or level of efficiency:
Many international sources has classified motor oil in respect of efficiency,
quality, ratio of automobile model and engine.
For instance:
A
American Petroleum Institute (API)
B American Military (military)
C
Union of automobile makers in Europe which start their standards signals
with ACEA, where before they used CCMC for their standards.
D
English military, where they start their standards signals with DEF.
E
Standard institute, where start their standards signals with ISIRI letters.
F
Reputable automobile producers in Europe, USA and Japan Such as
Mercedes Benz, General Motors and etc.
which, they all use their
special signals.
Tests
for quality control criteria:
Quality of properties in motor oil will be done by physical, chemical and
physico chemical tests.
1- All kind of physical tests
1-1- Viscosity:
Lubrication or viscosity in oil industry is one of the important subject, which
it s property is liquid resistance against force that makes liquid to flow.
Measuring this resistance is called viscosity and usually measured in
temperatures 40°C& 100 °C, which method of kinematics is more common and unit is
centi stoke ( mm/s)
Note that scale of lubrication of an oil will be shown by grade SAE.
1-1- Viscosity index:
Viscosity index is a number that will be shown for variation of lubrication
regarding to change in temperature for an oil, which can be calculated by
measuring oil viscosity in two different temperatures. Higher viscosity index of
oil means lubrication of oil with change in temperature will be less changeable,
where this is the sign of better quality of oil.
1-2- Pour point:
Lowest temperature that oil after gradual cooling and under specific conditions
is sill flowing called pour point.
1-3- Flash point:
Flash point is the least value of heat that oil will change to steam, when
mixing with air makes it flammable, where suddenly flames and then goes off.
1-4- Density (gravity): (kg/lit.)
Relative density or gravity is relation between weight and volume, which is
called density and ratio of oil gravity to water gravity in specific heat
usually will be assigned in 60°C temperature.
This test will be used for monotony and structure of oil and changing weight to
volume of oil or vise versa.
1-5- Appearance:
Appearance is including specification of oil, which by looking at it will be
assigned, where it should be monotone, transparent and without water and pendent
particles.
2- All kind of chemical tests Chemical tests are including alkaline No. (TBN),
acidity No. (TAN) and etc,
Most
important properties of motor oil:
For motor oil, which can function properly, should have following propitious:
- Resistance against heat & chemical material which have been created from
consumption.
- Having suitable lubrication or viscosity & very low coefficient friction.
- Not loose or rigid too much in hot or cold weather (Resistance).
- Ability of pumpage in cold weather.
- Having high gravity index.
- Having necessary materials for anti-friction, antioxidation, anti corrosion,
anti rust, anti foam, and
Most
common division of standards for quality:
Most common division of standards for quality of American Petroleum Institute
(API) will be described briefly as follows:
1- Signals related to motor oil in gasoline engines starts with S, where S is
the first letter of Service which means agent for changing oil machinerys,
garages and agencies for selling automobiles.
2- Signals for motor oil in diesel engines starts with C (Commercial), which
means for commercial vehicles, agricultural and naval.
1-1- Standards for motor oil in gasoline engines:
At the moment, standards for motor oil in gasoline engines are:
SA, SB, SC, SD, SE, SF, SG, SH, SJ, SL,
..
1-1-
Standards for motor oil in diesel engines are:
CA, CB, CC, CD, CDII, CE, CF-4, CF, CF, CF-2,
Level of quality for each lubricant of these two groups will be specified by
letters ( in alphabetic order ), which will be written after letter S or C
|
Products
Characteristics:
|
Classification
of API for motor oil: |
|
API
|
Summery of Compounds
|
SA
SB
SC
SD
SE
SF
SG
SH
SJ
SL
|
Base oil
SA + Anti corrosion & anti oxidation materials ( 1930 )
SB + Anti rust , anti friction materials & homogenizer (1964 1967 )
Has more of additives in respect to secretion (1967 1970)
Has more of additives in respect to SD ratio (1971 1980)
Has more anti oxidation & anti-friction in
respect to SE ratio (1980-1988)
Has better quality than SF and more additives (1989-1992)
Has better quality than SG, which has passed many laboratory tests including
volatility tests (Noack), quality and filtration ability.
For automotives with engine model 2001 and before.
Has better quality than SJ, which has passed homogeneity, miscibility, test,
gelatins index, HTHS ( 2001 and after).
|
Products
Characteristics:
|
Classification of API for motor oil |
|
API |
Discription |
CA
CB
CC
CD
CD II
CE
CF
CF 2
CF 4
CG 4
CH - 4
|
Automobiles model 1940 till 1950 with diesel fuel (fuel
with 10w percentage of sulfur )
Automobiles model 1949 and after with diesel
fuel (fuel with high percentage of sulfur ) for medium condition of
function
Useful in diesel automobiles model 1961 in medium to hard condition of
function (Turbo charge & non supercharge engines ) and gasoline's engines
which function in hard conditions.
Useful in diesel automobiles model 1955 and
after with undesired fuel ( high percentage of sulfur, about % 0.5 ) and
hard condition of function. Engines which have super charge & turbo
charge system and gasoline engines,
which function in hard conditions.
Useful in diesel automobiles model 1987 &
stroke, this oil is in accordance with quality level of CD
Diesel automobiles model 1987 and some diesel
automobiles with super charge & turbo charge, which function under 10W
speed and high load, also high speed with high load. This oil is in
accordance with quality level CD specification.
Diesel automobiles supercharge & turbo charge
model 1994.
This oil is in accordance with
quality level of CD.
Diesel automobiles super charge &
turbo charge model 1994.
This oil is in accordance with quality level of CD 11
Diesel automobiles 4 stroke model 1990 which moves with high revolution.
With quality higher than quality level of CD.
Diesel automobiles 4 stroke model 1990 which coves with high
revolution. With
quality higher than quality level of CD.
Diesel automobiles 4 stroke model 1998 which moves with high revolution.
This oil can satisfy quality level of CG 4 & CF 4.
|
Classification
of motor oil viscosity SAE J300(2002)
|
Classification of motor oil viscosity SAE J300(2002) |
|
Viscosity in high temperatures |
Viscosity in low
temperatures |
|
Viscosity in 150°c& high
shear tension(cp)( Min 10 6 S) |
Synimatic
viscosity in 100°c @ cst |
Relation to oil pump (cp)
@ °c |
Relation to motor start
(cp) @ °c |
Viscosity Grade SAE |
|
Maximum |
Maximum |
Maximum |
Maximum |
Maximum |
Maximum |
|
____
____
2.6
2.9
2.9(oW-40 , 5W 40, 10W-40 )
3.7(15W-40,20W-40, 25W-40, 40)
3.7
3.7
|
____
____
____
____
____
____
<9.3
<12.5
<16.3
<16.3
<21.9
<26.1
|
3.8
3.8
4.1
5.6
5.6
9.3
5.6
9.3
12.5
12.5
16.3
21.9 |
6000 in - 40
6000 in 35
6000 in 30
6000 in 25
6000 in 20
6000 in 15
____
____
____
|
6200 in - 35
6600 in - 30
7000 in 25
7000 in 20
9500 in 15
13000 in 10
____
____
____
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0W
5W
10W
15W
20W
25W
20
30
40
40
50
60
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